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ALL-STAR GAMES: 1962, 1969
BEEN THERE, DONE THAT: Redskins 24, Lions 7 (1986); Cardinals-Expos exhibition (Apr. 1999); and seven Nationals games: WSH 5, NYM 3 (Apr. 30, 2005); WSH 5, ATL 4 (May 2005); PHI 7, WSH 1 (Sept. 2, 2005); WSH 6, TB 2 (July 2, 2006); NYM 13, WSH 0 (Sept. 30, 2006); WSH 12, STL 1 (Aug. 4, 2007); PHI 4, WSH 1 (Sept. 22, 2007).
In 1957, the U.S. Congress authorized funding for construction of a new multi-use stadium in Washington. Construction did not begin until July 1960, however, by which time Calvin Griffith had already made up his mind to leave town. In 1961 the team formerly known as "Senators" moved west, and thus were born the Minnesota Twins. As a consolation prize, the Nation's Capital received a new baseball franchise in 1961, part of the American League expansion that also included the new Los Angeles Angels. The new Senators played in Griffith Stadium while the new stadium was hastily built. Only 15 months elapsed between the ground-breaking and the dedication in October 1961, and the Redskins played here before the Senators did.
Originally called "District of Columbia Stadium" (or just "D.C. Stadium"), this was the first of the boring doughnut-shaped dual-use "cookie-cutter" stadiums that spread like crabgrass during the 1960s and 1970s. RFK is among the smallest stadiums of this genre, which gives it a somewhat cozier feeling that greatly accentuated the noise level of Redskins games during their heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. The fact that the movable section of the lower deck vibrates when you stomp on it greatly increased the already high noise level. One unique and curious aspect of the stadium that is immediately apparent as you drive by is that the roof rises and lowers like a floppy hat. That stems from RFK's unique solution to the fundamental baseball-vs.-football seating conundrum. As a compromise that slightly favored baseball, the front edge of the upper deck sections in foul territory were angled toward the infield, whereas the back sides remained aligned along a perfect circle, as they are in most other such stadiums. As a result, there are about 15 extra rows behind first and third base, at which points the stadium's roof is therefore significantly higher than elsewhere. This variable upper-deck profile was later used in the Kingdome and Tropicana Field Another rather unique aspect of RFK Stadium is the way the baseball-to-football conversion is carried out: The lower deck is swiveled around 80 degrees in a clockwise direction until the left edge stops in straightaway center field. (The only other stadium with that particular kind of reconfiguration scheme was Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati.) The rear edge of this movable section coincided vertically with the front edge of the roof. After it was moved, additional seats were then pushed forward to fill the gap behind the western end zone, i.e., behind where third base was. (See diagram.) One consequence of this is that the upper deck hangs out quite close to the northwest corner of the football gridiron.
Yet another unique aspect of RFK, which reflects its small diameter, is that there are no lower deck seats in the outfield. Indeed, the front edge of upper deck in center field is directly above the fence, providing a good vantage point for watching action in the infield, but you would probably miss a few home runs and/or exciting plays in the outfield. The gap between the fence and the rear wall gradually increases toward the right and left field corners, where the bullpens were. The bullpens were mostly covered by the upper deck, but the one in right field gets more shade, so in 2006 the Nationals switched bullpens, moving from left field to right field. For some years during the 1960s, both bullpens were located behind the left field fence. The upper-deck overhang is enormous, especially behind home plate and on the first base side, where over 20 rows of the lower deck are in the shadows. It seems to defy the law of gravity! Though not visible in the diagram above, there is a "jog" in the rear edge of the lower deck behind the home team (left side) dugout, with several additional rows of seats between there and the right field foul pole.
Most published sources indicate that the power alley dimensions were reduced slightly between 1962 and 1963, but I can find no photographic evidence of that. The big ground-level scoreboard in right field was apparently there from the very beginning. It was aligned with the end zone of the football gridiron, possibly accounting for the straight section of fence on that side -- a bit of "token" asymmetry. There was a press box for Redskins football games in the top rows of the upper deck on the first base side.
Hopes that this modern sports palace would ensure that baseball would remain in the Nation's Capital proved to be in vain. The riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King in April 1968 left a tragic stigma on Washington that alienated suburban patrons. It was the assassination of another public figure that year, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, that led to the renaming of the stadium in 1969. In spite of new manager Ted Williams' best efforts, the Senators never really were a pennant contender. Franchise owner Bob Short became dissatisfied with the stadium lease terms with the District of Columbia, and in mid-1971 accepted a can't-lose free-stadium deal from the city of Arlington, Texas. Thus were born the Texas Rangers. In the Senators' final game in September 1971, they had to forfeit because of a riot by angry fans, even though they scored more runs than the Yankees. After the Senators moved out, Our Nation's Capital was devoid of real professional baseball for 33 long years, a monumental travesty. RFK Stadium hosted two Major League Baseball exhibition games in 1972, but fan interest in Washington baseball dwindled away, largely because of "Redskins fever." Each July from 1982 to 1985, there was an "Old-Timers' Classic" sponsored by Cracker Jack at RFK Stadium, but with the stadium in the football configuration, the distance to left field was only 260 feet! There were one or two exhibition games at RFK each year from 1987 through 1994, and in March 1999, there were two such games between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Montreal Expos, who were rumored to be relocating to D.C. During batting practice, a ball hit by Mark McGwire nicked the edge of the roof in left field!
RFK Stadium is located on the east-west axis that cuts through the center of The Mall, as if Pierre L'Enfant himself had planned it that way. This always made for telegenic aerial views from the blimps during Redskins games: RFK, the Capitol, the Washington Monument, and the Lincoln Memorial further beyond. RFK is also close to the Stadium-Armory Metrorail stop and has plenty of parking. It lies between a residential neighborhood full of brick row houses and the Anacostia River. The exterior of the stadium includes several wall sections made of polished granite. There is a rough-hewn metallic sculpture of Bobby Kennedy near the west entrance and some attractive landscaping. One of the aesthetic drawbacks of RFK stadium is that the lights were attached to the roof in a haphazard fashion, not in sync with the curved roof line. To maintain a consistent height, the lights were hung below the front edge of the roof where it rises behind first and third bases. In the 1970s, a new main scoreboard was installed beyond the eastern end zone (right center field), likewise suspended below the roof, along with some advertising billboards. The front edge of the mezzanine level used to feature the names of past Washington sports heroes. This "Ring of Fame" included Walter Johnson, Roy Sievers, Harmon Killebrew, Frank Howard, Sammy Baugh, Sonny Jurgensen, Joe Thiesman, Wes Unseld, and Sugar Ray Leonard. When the Nationals began playing there in 2005, a video "ribbon" was installed in front of the mezzanine, and a huge banner bearing those names was posted on the wall in back of the bullpen in right field.
CINEMA: RFK Stadium was featured in the classic movie Bang the Drum Slowly (1973), though only in a brief scene of a rained-out game, with the tarp being pulled over the diamond.
Of course, nearly everyone associates RFK Stadium with the Washington Redskins, who played there from 1961 until 1996. After the Senators left town, it became a football-only stadium, with semi-permanent bleachers built on the east side. (That is the period depicted in the diagram above, which does not correspond to the 1960s-era baseball configuration.) Since 1997, the Redskins have played at Jack Kent Cooke Stadium, a.k.a. Redskins Field, a.k.a. FedEx Field, located in beautiful downtown Landover, Maryland.
When Major League Soccer was founded in 1996, the D.C. United team began playing in RFK Stadium. Since then, the team has won a total of four Major League Soccer championships: 1996, 1997, 1999, and 2004. There have been some international soccer matches there as well, including the 1994 World Cup. Because attendance at soccer games seldom exceeds 20,000, the upper deck is normally closed. When baseball returned to RFK in 2005 (see below), special arrangements had to be made to allow for sharing the field: the pitcher's mound was built on a retractable platform that was lowered during soccer games, and grass sod was planted in the infield. The results of this awkward accommodation were mixed. Also, the retractable seats that used to line the western end zone for Redskins games are no longer used, leaving a huge gap.
After years of rumors about getting a baseball team, D.C. Mayor Anthony Williams announced on September 29, 2004 that the Montreal Expos would move to Washington. MLB Commissioner Bud Selig confirmed it the next day. After some hair-raising turns of events on the D.C. Council over the next few months, the required legislation to finance the new stadium was finally passed, thereby ensuring that the relocation would indeed take place. The "born again" Washington Nationals surprised everyone in their inaugural season, climbing to first place in June and holding that position for over six weeks. In late July 2005 it was discovered that the correct distance to 380-foot distance markers was actually about 395 feet, so the markers were moved about 40 feet toward the respective foul poles. For some unknown reason, the capacity rose from 45,250 to 46,382 in 2006. In the final baseball game ever played at RFK Stadium, September 23, 2007, the Nationals came from behind to beat the Phillies, 5-3. It was a better way to say "goodbye" than when the Senators ended their stay in Washington in 1971.
In late December 2008, the inaugural Eagle Bank Bowl was held at RFK Stadium, continuing the tradition of American football in that historic venue. The seating configuration remained the same as for D.C. United soccer games, however, with a large void rather than lower-deck seats beyond the western end zone. The second Eagle Bank Bowl game was played on December 29, 2009.
SOURCES: Lowry (2006), Pastier (2007), USA Today / Fodor's (1996), Washington Post
FAN TIPS: Vincent Paterno, Rudi Riet
